Taxonomy development - Revision history

MichiGau at 19:11, 13 October 2020

2020-10-13T19:11:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 13 October 2020
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	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.
	==References==		==References==
	[[Category:Taxonomy ~~development~~]]		[[Category:Taxonomy Development Research]]

MichiGau at 12:43, 24 August 2020

2020-08-24T12:43:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:43, 24 August 2020
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	==Process description==		==Process description==
	This process goes beyond Bailey’s three-level indicator model<ref>BAILEY KD (1994) Typologies and Taxonomies – An Introduction to Classification Techniques. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.</ref> to combine the conceptualization/deduction and empiricism/induction strategies into a single method that encourages the researcher to use the strategies in an iterative manner to best reach a useful taxonomy. In addition, it includes specific ending conditions that test the taxonomy as it is being developed. This approach is consistent with the design science ‘generate/test cycle’ described by Hevner et al<ref>HEVNER AR, MARCH ST, PARK J and RAM S (2004) Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly 28(1), 75–105.</ref>. Finally, it adds the important concept of meta-characteristic that Bailey does not identify explicitly or implicitly.		[[File:Taxonomy.png\|right\|middle\|thumb\|Taxonomy Development (Redrawn from Nickerson et al.)]]This process goes beyond Bailey’s three-level indicator model<ref>BAILEY KD (1994) Typologies and Taxonomies – An Introduction to Classification Techniques. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.</ref> to combine the conceptualization/deduction and empiricism/induction strategies into a single method that encourages the researcher to use the strategies in an iterative manner to best reach a useful taxonomy. In addition, it includes specific ending conditions that test the taxonomy as it is being developed. This approach is consistent with the design science ‘generate/test cycle’ described by Hevner et al<ref>HEVNER AR, MARCH ST, PARK J and RAM S (2004) Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly 28(1), 75–105.</ref>. Finally, it adds the important concept of meta-characteristic that Bailey does not identify explicitly or implicitly.

	==Determine meta-characteristic==		==Determine meta-characteristic==
	===Description===		===Description===
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	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Ending conditions==		==Ending conditions==
	===Description===		===Description===
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	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach Selection==		==Approach Selection==
	===Description===		===Description===
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	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach A: Identify (new) subset of objects==		==Approach A: Identify (new) subset of objects==
	===Description===		===Description===
	In the empirical-to-conceptual approach, the researcher identifies a subset of objects that he/she wishes to classify. These objects are likely to be the ones with which the researcher is most familiar or that are most easily accessible, possibly through a review of the literature.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		In the empirical-to-conceptual approach, the researcher identifies a subset of objects that he/she wishes to classify. These objects are likely to be the ones with which the researcher is most familiar or that are most easily accessible, possibly through a review of the literature.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===

	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach A: Identify common characteristics and group objects==		==Approach A: Identify common characteristics and group objects==
	===Description===		===Description===
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	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
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	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects==		==Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects==
	===Description===		===Description===
	In the conceptual-to-empirical approach, the researcher begins by conceptualizing the dimensions of the taxonomy without examining actual objects. This process is based on the researcher’s notions about how objects are similar and how they are dissimilar. Since this is a deductive process, researcher uses his/her knowledge of existing foundations, experience, and judgment to deduce what he/she thinks will be relevant dimensions.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		In the conceptual-to-empirical approach, the researcher begins by conceptualizing the dimensions of the taxonomy without examining actual objects. This process is based on the researcher’s notions about how objects are similar and how they are dissimilar. Since this is a deductive process, researcher uses his/her knowledge of existing foundations, experience, and judgment to deduce what he/she thinks will be relevant dimensions.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===

	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions==		==Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions==
	===Description===		===Description===
	Each dimension contains characteristics that must be logical consequences of the meta-characteristic. Thus, a test of the appropriateness of a dimension is whether its characteristics follow from the meta-characteristic. In the process, the researcher may propose dimensions that are not appropriate and thus can be eliminated. The researcher then examines objects for these dimensions and characteristics.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		Each dimension contains characteristics that must be logical consequences of the meta-characteristic. Thus, a test of the appropriateness of a dimension is whether its characteristics follow from the meta-characteristic. In the process, the researcher may propose dimensions that are not appropriate and thus can be eliminated. The researcher then examines objects for these dimensions and characteristics.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===

	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
	Are there objects that have each of the characteristics in each dimension? If not, then the dimension may not be appropriate. As before, each dimension must contain characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Examined empirical cases can be used to revise the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		Are there objects that have each of the characteristics in each dimension? If not, then the dimension may not be appropriate. As before, each dimension must contain characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Examined empirical cases can be used to revise the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===

	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==Ending conditions met?==		==Ending conditions met?==
	===Description===		===Description===
	At the end of either of these steps, the researcher asks if the ending conditions have been met with the current version of the taxonomy. Both objective and subjective conditions must be checked. The objective and subjective conditions need be met to end the process. If they are not met another iteration needs to be done.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		At the end of either of these steps, the researcher asks if the ending conditions have been met with the current version of the taxonomy. Both objective and subjective conditions must be checked. The objective and subjective conditions need be met to end the process. If they are not met another iteration needs to be done.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===

	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===
	Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.		Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.

	==References==		==References==

	[[Category:Taxonomy development]]		[[Category:Taxonomy development]]

MichiGau: /* Description */

2020-08-24T12:12:17Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 24 August 2020
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	After these steps the researcher can begin with either an empirical approach or a conceptual approach. The choice of which approach to use depends on the availability of data about objects under study and the knowledge of the researcher about the domain of interest. There are for possibilities to decide what approach has to be selected<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>:		After these steps the researcher can begin with either an empirical approach or a conceptual approach. The choice of which approach to use depends on the availability of data about objects under study and the knowledge of the researcher about the domain of interest. There are for possibilities to decide what approach has to be selected<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>:
	# If little data are available but the researcher has significant understanding of the domain, then starting with the '''conceptual-to-empirical''' approach would be advised.		# If little data are available but the researcher has significant understanding of the domain, then starting with the '''conceptual-to-empirical''' approach would be advised.
	# On the other hand, if the researcher has little understanding of the domain but significant data about the objects is available, then starting with the '''empirical-to- conceptual''' approach is appropriate.		# On the other hand, if the researcher has little understanding of the domain but significant data about the objects is available, then starting with the '''empirical-to-conceptual''' approach is appropriate.
	# If the researcher has both significant knowledge of the domain and significant data available about the objects, then the researcher will have to use individual judgment to decide which approach is best.		# If the researcher has both significant knowledge of the domain and significant data available about the objects, then the researcher will have to use individual judgment to decide which approach is best.
	# In the fourth case, where the researcher has little knowledge of the domain and little data available, the researcher should investigate the domain of interest more before attempting to develop a taxonomy for it.		# In the fourth case, where the researcher has little knowledge of the domain and little data available, the researcher should investigate the domain of interest more before attempting to develop a taxonomy for it.

MichiGau: /* Description */

2020-08-24T12:11:58Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:11, 24 August 2020
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	===Description===		===Description===
	After these steps the researcher can begin with either an empirical approach or a conceptual approach. The choice of which approach to use depends on the availability of data about objects under study and the knowledge of the researcher about the domain of interest. There are for possibilities to decide what approach has to be selected<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>:		After these steps the researcher can begin with either an empirical approach or a conceptual approach. The choice of which approach to use depends on the availability of data about objects under study and the knowledge of the researcher about the domain of interest. There are for possibilities to decide what approach has to be selected<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>:
	# If little data are available but the researcher has significant understanding of the domain, then starting with the conceptual-to-empirical approach would be advised.		# If little data are available but the researcher has significant understanding of the domain, then starting with the '''conceptual-to-empirical''' approach would be advised.
	# On the other hand, if the researcher has little understanding of the domain but significant data about the objects is available, then starting with the empirical-to- conceptual approach is appropriate.		# On the other hand, if the researcher has little understanding of the domain but significant data about the objects is available, then starting with the '''empirical-to- conceptual''' approach is appropriate.
	# If the researcher has both significant knowledge of the domain and significant data available about the objects, then the researcher will have to use individual judgment to decide which approach is best.		# If the researcher has both significant knowledge of the domain and significant data available about the objects, then the researcher will have to use individual judgment to decide which approach is best.
	# In the fourth case, where the researcher has little knowledge of the domain and little data available, the researcher should investigate the domain of interest more before attempting to develop a taxonomy for it.		# In the fourth case, where the researcher has little knowledge of the domain and little data available, the researcher should investigate the domain of interest more before attempting to develop a taxonomy for it.

	In subsequent iteration the researcher may choose to use a different approach in order to view the taxonomy from a different perspective and possibly gain new insight about the taxonomy.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		In subsequent iteration the researcher may choose to use a different approach in order to view the taxonomy from a different perspective and possibly gain new insight about the taxonomy.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===
	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===

MichiGau: /* Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy */

2020-08-23T08:37:12Z

Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:37, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
	Once a set of characteristics has been identified, they can be grouped formally using statistical techniques or informally using a manual or graphical process. The resulting groups form the initial dimensions of the taxonomy. This grouping involves creating ‘conceptual labels’ for sets of related characteristics, that is, for the dimensions. Each dimension contains characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		Once a set of characteristics has been identified, they can be grouped formally using statistical techniques or informally using a manual or graphical process. The resulting groups form the initial dimensions of the taxonomy. This grouping involves creating ‘conceptual labels’ for sets of related characteristics, that is, for the dimensions. Each dimension contains characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Examined empirical cases can be used to revise the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===
	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===

MichiGau: /* Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy */

2020-08-23T08:35:47Z

Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:35, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
	~~The researcher then examines objects for these dimensions and characteristics.~~ Are there objects that have each of the characteristics in each dimension? If not, then the dimension may not be appropriate. As before, each dimension must contain characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. ~~The result of this process is an initial taxonomy based on a conceptual-to-empirical approach.~~		Are there objects that have each of the characteristics in each dimension? If not, then the dimension may not be appropriate. As before, each dimension must contain characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Examined empirical cases can be used to revise the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	~~The researcher examines~~ empirical cases ~~using~~ the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects. ~~The result is the next version of the taxonomy which then can be checked with the ending conditions.~~

	<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===

MichiGau: /* Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions */

2020-08-23T08:32:50Z

Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:32, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions==		==Approach B: Examine objects for these characteristics and dimensions==
	===Description===		===Description===
	The researcher examines ~~empirical cases using the new~~ characteristics ~~and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects~~.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		Each dimension contains characteristics that must be logical consequences of the meta-characteristic. Thus, a test of the appropriateness of a dimension is whether its characteristics follow from the meta-characteristic. In the process, the researcher may propose dimensions that are not appropriate and thus can be eliminated. The researcher then examines objects for these dimensions and characteristics.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===

MichiGau: /* Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects */

2020-08-23T08:31:46Z

Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:31, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects==		==Approach B: Conceptualize (new) characteristics and dimensions of objects==
	===Description===		===Description===
	In ~~this activity~~, the researcher begins by conceptualizing the dimensions of the taxonomy without examining actual objects. This process is based on the researcher’s notions about how objects are similar and how they are dissimilar. Since this is a deductive process, ~~little guidance can be given other than to say that the~~ researcher uses his/her knowledge of existing foundations, experience, and judgment to deduce what he/she thinks will be relevant dimensions.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		In the conceptual-to-empirical approach, the researcher begins by conceptualizing the dimensions of the taxonomy without examining actual objects. This process is based on the researcher’s notions about how objects are similar and how they are dissimilar. Since this is a deductive process, researcher uses his/her knowledge of existing foundations, experience, and judgment to deduce what he/she thinks will be relevant dimensions.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===

MichiGau: /* Description */

2020-08-23T08:28:32Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:28, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach B: Create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
	The researcher examines empirical cases using the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects. The result is the next version of the taxonomy which then can be checked with the ending conditions.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		The researcher then examines objects for these dimensions and characteristics. Are there objects that have each of the characteristics in each dimension? If not, then the dimension may not be appropriate. As before, each dimension must contain characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. The result of this process is an initial taxonomy based on a conceptual-to-empirical approach.

			The researcher examines empirical cases using the new characteristics and dimensions to determine their usefulness in classifying objects. The result is the next version of the taxonomy which then can be checked with the ending conditions.

			<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>

	===Examples===		===Examples===

MichiGau: /* Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy */

2020-08-23T08:28:07Z

Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:28, 23 August 2020
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	==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==		==Approach A: Group characteristics into dimensions to create (revise) taxonomy==
	===Description===		===Description===
	The ~~researcher then examines objects for these~~ dimensions ~~and characteristics~~. ~~Are there objects that have each~~ of ~~the~~ characteristics ~~in each dimension? If not~~, ~~then~~ the ~~dimension may not be appropriate~~. ~~As before, each~~ dimension ~~must contain~~ characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive~~. The result of this process is an initial taxonomy based on a conceptual-to-empirical approach~~.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>		Once a set of characteristics has been identified, they can be grouped formally using statistical techniques or informally using a manual or graphical process. The resulting groups form the initial dimensions of the taxonomy. This grouping involves creating ‘conceptual labels’ for sets of related characteristics, that is, for the dimensions. Each dimension contains characteristics that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.<ref name="taxonomynickerson">Nickerson R, Varshney U and Muntermann J (2013) A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems, European Journal of Information Systems 22, 336.</ref>
	===Examples===		===Examples===
	===Further Readings===		===Further Readings===